Biology Final Review
1. Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis (Chapters 12 and 13) 15 Questions
a. structure of DNA
b. enzymes
c. complementary base pairing
d. replication
e. types of RNA
f. DNA vs. RNA
g. transcription
h. translation
i. protein synthesis
j. protein structure
1. Define and explain the importance of complementary base pairing
2. Which bases are purines? Which are pyrimidines?
3. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
4. Where are the hydrogen bonds located in DNA?
5. List the enzymes associated with DNA replication.
6. Why does replication happen?
7. Why does the nucleus of every cell have openings or pores?
8. How is DNA used as a “template” or pattern for the process of transcription?
9. What are the three types of RNA and their functions?
10. What is the association between a codon and an anticodon?
11. What does a “stop” codon mean in the genetic code?
12. What is a gene?
13. Distinguish between histones and nucleosomes.
14. What is a mutation?
15. What is the result of a mutation (in molecular terms).
16. What are the building blocks of proteins?
2. Cell Reproduction (Chapter 10 and Chapter 11-4) 15 Questions
a. Cell cycle
b. Phases of mitosis
c. Plant vs animal mitosis
d. Prokaryote vs Eukaryote mitosis
e. Meiosis as a chromosome reduction process
f. Meiosis as a source of genetic variation
g. Crossing over during prophase I
1. What is the purpose of mitosis?
2. Name the parts of the Cell Cycle.
3. What is the result of this process after cytokinesis? 4. What are the 3 parts of interphase called and what occurs in each part?
5. What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?
6. What is a homologue?
7. What purpose do spindle fibers serve?
8. What are spindle fibers made of?
9. What happens differently when plant cells undergo mitosis?
10. Which types of cells are haploid and which are diploid?
11. Why do gametes have half the number of chromosomes as somatic cells?
12. What are some possible sources of genetic variation?
13. What is a tetrad and during which phase of meiosis does it occur?
14. What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
3. Genetics (Chapter 11 and Chapter 14) 30 Questions
Mendelian Genetics and Chromosomal Mutations
a. Mendel’s experimental design
b. Mendel’s Laws
c. Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses
d. Heterozygous and homozygous
e. Probability
1. What is the principle of dominance?
2. What happens during segregation?
3. What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous?
4. Explain the difference between phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratio.
5. What is a test-cross?
6. Explain the difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross.
7. What is an allele?
8. What is the predicted ratio when two heterozygous dihybrid plants are crossed?
9. Define phenotype and genotype and give an example for each.
10. What is the probability that a heterozygous tall pea plant and a homozygous short pea plant will
produce tall offspring?
11. Distinguish between P, F1 and F2 generations.
12. Express phenotypes in fraction as well as decimal forms.
The Human Genome
a. Codominance
b. Incomplete dominance
c. Polygenic inheritance
d. Sex-linked inheritance
e. Karyotyping
f. Pedigrees
g. Multiple alleles
1. What is the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance?
2. Provide an example of polygenic inheritance in humans.
3. Provide an example of inheritance in humans due to multiple alleles.
4. Provide an example of sex-linked inheritance.
5. Why are males affected more often than females for certain genetic diseases?
6. Which type of diagram shows the inheritance pattern of several generations?
7. What is a karyotype and how might this provide useful information? 8. What is a normal human female karyotype and a normal human male karyotype?
9. Which type of chromosomal mutation results in an extra copy of a chromosome?
10. Explain why it is the male who determines the gender of the human offspring.
11. Describe the following symbols in a pedigree: Circle, Square, Black, White, Black & White.
12. Review ABO blood types in humans.
4.Evolution (Chapters 16-19) 30 Questions
a. Evidence of evolution
b. Darwin’s theory of natural selection
c. Patterns of Evolution
d. Classification
e. Speciation
f. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
1. What are five types of evidence for evolution?
2. Solve basic carbon dating half-life problems.
3. What is the difference between artificial selection and natural selection?
4. What are some factors/scientists who influenced Darwin’s work?
5. Explain the difference between divergent and convergent evolution.
6. Explain and provide an example of coevolution.
7. Compare and contrast gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.
8. How does isolation contribute to the process of speciation.
9. Explain and describe competition and how this may influence survival of the fittest.
10. What are the 5 conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
11. Solve basic Hardy-Weinberg problems.
12. What is a gene pool?
13. Describe how the primitive Earth was very different than present day Earth.
14. Review Miller-Urey experiement.
15. Define genetic drift.
5. Anatomy and Physiology (Chapters 30-33) 30 Questions
a. Digestive system
b. Circulatory system
c. Respiratory system
d. Nervous system
e. Muscular system
f. Skeletal system
g. Excretory system
h. Homeostasis
1. Why is it important for an organism to maintain homeostasis?
2. Sequence the following terms from simplest to most complex:
Organ system, tissue, organ, organism, cell.
3. Describe the structure and function of a neuron.
4. What is a synapse?
5. What are the parts of the Central Nervous System?
6. Provide examples of fixed, semi-moveable and moveable joints in the skeletal system.
7. Which cells are produced in red bone marrow?
8. Describe the primary function of the 3 types of muscle.
9. Compare a ligament with a tendon.
10. Trace the flow of blood through the heart. 11. Compare the wall thickness and diameter of the 3 different types of blood vessels.
12. Describe the bronchial tree.
13. What part of the brain controls involuntary breathing?
14. How do mechanical digestion and chemical digestion differ?
15. What is the primary function of the large intestine?
16. How is the structure of the villi adapted to their function?
17. Describe the functions of hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach.
18. What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?
19. What materials are filtered from the blood in the kidney? What materials remain in the blood?
20. Describe the functions of the pancreas.
6. Ecology (Chapters 3-5) 30 Questions
a. Food chain
b. Food Web
c. Energy in an ecosystem
d. Trophic levels
e. Biogeochemical cycle
f. Symbiosis
g. Predator-Prey
h. Exponential and logistic growth
i. Biodiversity
j. Succession
k. Human impact
1. Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs and give an example of each.
2. What are decomposers and why are they so important to the ecosystem?
3. What group of organisms is always found at the base of a food chain or a food web?
4. Why is the transfer of energy in a food chain only about 10% efficient?
5. Why are there only a few trophic levels in an ecological pyramid?
6. Review the carbon cycle, water cycle and nitrogen cycle.
7. Explain the process of nitrogen fixation and why nit is necessary.
8. What is the difference between an organism’s habitat and its niche?
9. Describe 2 major causes of ecological succession.
10. Review the 3 types of symbiosis: commensalism, mutualism and parasitism.
11. What is a biome?
12. Sketch the exponential growth curve of a hypothetical population.
13. Describe the conditions under which logistic growth occurs.
14. What is carrying capacity?
15. How do parasites serve as a density-dependent limiting factor?
16. Explain how density-independent limiting factors can affect populations.
17. Describe how a predator-prey relationship can be a mechanism of population control.
18. Define biodiversity.
Know That Scientist
1. Mendel 308
2. Francis Collins 349
3. Craig Venter 349
4. Charles Darwin 450
5. Lamarck 456
6. Chargaff 344
7. Stanley Miller 554
8. Harold Urey 554
9. Oparin Internet
10. Rosalind Franklin 346
11. James Watson 349
12. Francis Crick 349
a. structure of DNA
b. enzymes
c. complementary base pairing
d. replication
e. types of RNA
f. DNA vs. RNA
g. transcription
h. translation
i. protein synthesis
j. protein structure
1. Define and explain the importance of complementary base pairing
2. Which bases are purines? Which are pyrimidines?
3. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
4. Where are the hydrogen bonds located in DNA?
5. List the enzymes associated with DNA replication.
6. Why does replication happen?
7. Why does the nucleus of every cell have openings or pores?
8. How is DNA used as a “template” or pattern for the process of transcription?
9. What are the three types of RNA and their functions?
10. What is the association between a codon and an anticodon?
11. What does a “stop” codon mean in the genetic code?
12. What is a gene?
13. Distinguish between histones and nucleosomes.
14. What is a mutation?
15. What is the result of a mutation (in molecular terms).
16. What are the building blocks of proteins?
2. Cell Reproduction (Chapter 10 and Chapter 11-4) 15 Questions
a. Cell cycle
b. Phases of mitosis
c. Plant vs animal mitosis
d. Prokaryote vs Eukaryote mitosis
e. Meiosis as a chromosome reduction process
f. Meiosis as a source of genetic variation
g. Crossing over during prophase I
1. What is the purpose of mitosis?
2. Name the parts of the Cell Cycle.
3. What is the result of this process after cytokinesis? 4. What are the 3 parts of interphase called and what occurs in each part?
5. What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?
6. What is a homologue?
7. What purpose do spindle fibers serve?
8. What are spindle fibers made of?
9. What happens differently when plant cells undergo mitosis?
10. Which types of cells are haploid and which are diploid?
11. Why do gametes have half the number of chromosomes as somatic cells?
12. What are some possible sources of genetic variation?
13. What is a tetrad and during which phase of meiosis does it occur?
14. What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
3. Genetics (Chapter 11 and Chapter 14) 30 Questions
Mendelian Genetics and Chromosomal Mutations
a. Mendel’s experimental design
b. Mendel’s Laws
c. Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses
d. Heterozygous and homozygous
e. Probability
1. What is the principle of dominance?
2. What happens during segregation?
3. What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous?
4. Explain the difference between phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratio.
5. What is a test-cross?
6. Explain the difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross.
7. What is an allele?
8. What is the predicted ratio when two heterozygous dihybrid plants are crossed?
9. Define phenotype and genotype and give an example for each.
10. What is the probability that a heterozygous tall pea plant and a homozygous short pea plant will
produce tall offspring?
11. Distinguish between P, F1 and F2 generations.
12. Express phenotypes in fraction as well as decimal forms.
The Human Genome
a. Codominance
b. Incomplete dominance
c. Polygenic inheritance
d. Sex-linked inheritance
e. Karyotyping
f. Pedigrees
g. Multiple alleles
1. What is the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance?
2. Provide an example of polygenic inheritance in humans.
3. Provide an example of inheritance in humans due to multiple alleles.
4. Provide an example of sex-linked inheritance.
5. Why are males affected more often than females for certain genetic diseases?
6. Which type of diagram shows the inheritance pattern of several generations?
7. What is a karyotype and how might this provide useful information? 8. What is a normal human female karyotype and a normal human male karyotype?
9. Which type of chromosomal mutation results in an extra copy of a chromosome?
10. Explain why it is the male who determines the gender of the human offspring.
11. Describe the following symbols in a pedigree: Circle, Square, Black, White, Black & White.
12. Review ABO blood types in humans.
4.Evolution (Chapters 16-19) 30 Questions
a. Evidence of evolution
b. Darwin’s theory of natural selection
c. Patterns of Evolution
d. Classification
e. Speciation
f. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
1. What are five types of evidence for evolution?
2. Solve basic carbon dating half-life problems.
3. What is the difference between artificial selection and natural selection?
4. What are some factors/scientists who influenced Darwin’s work?
5. Explain the difference between divergent and convergent evolution.
6. Explain and provide an example of coevolution.
7. Compare and contrast gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.
8. How does isolation contribute to the process of speciation.
9. Explain and describe competition and how this may influence survival of the fittest.
10. What are the 5 conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
11. Solve basic Hardy-Weinberg problems.
12. What is a gene pool?
13. Describe how the primitive Earth was very different than present day Earth.
14. Review Miller-Urey experiement.
15. Define genetic drift.
5. Anatomy and Physiology (Chapters 30-33) 30 Questions
a. Digestive system
b. Circulatory system
c. Respiratory system
d. Nervous system
e. Muscular system
f. Skeletal system
g. Excretory system
h. Homeostasis
1. Why is it important for an organism to maintain homeostasis?
2. Sequence the following terms from simplest to most complex:
Organ system, tissue, organ, organism, cell.
3. Describe the structure and function of a neuron.
4. What is a synapse?
5. What are the parts of the Central Nervous System?
6. Provide examples of fixed, semi-moveable and moveable joints in the skeletal system.
7. Which cells are produced in red bone marrow?
8. Describe the primary function of the 3 types of muscle.
9. Compare a ligament with a tendon.
10. Trace the flow of blood through the heart. 11. Compare the wall thickness and diameter of the 3 different types of blood vessels.
12. Describe the bronchial tree.
13. What part of the brain controls involuntary breathing?
14. How do mechanical digestion and chemical digestion differ?
15. What is the primary function of the large intestine?
16. How is the structure of the villi adapted to their function?
17. Describe the functions of hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach.
18. What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?
19. What materials are filtered from the blood in the kidney? What materials remain in the blood?
20. Describe the functions of the pancreas.
6. Ecology (Chapters 3-5) 30 Questions
a. Food chain
b. Food Web
c. Energy in an ecosystem
d. Trophic levels
e. Biogeochemical cycle
f. Symbiosis
g. Predator-Prey
h. Exponential and logistic growth
i. Biodiversity
j. Succession
k. Human impact
1. Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs and give an example of each.
2. What are decomposers and why are they so important to the ecosystem?
3. What group of organisms is always found at the base of a food chain or a food web?
4. Why is the transfer of energy in a food chain only about 10% efficient?
5. Why are there only a few trophic levels in an ecological pyramid?
6. Review the carbon cycle, water cycle and nitrogen cycle.
7. Explain the process of nitrogen fixation and why nit is necessary.
8. What is the difference between an organism’s habitat and its niche?
9. Describe 2 major causes of ecological succession.
10. Review the 3 types of symbiosis: commensalism, mutualism and parasitism.
11. What is a biome?
12. Sketch the exponential growth curve of a hypothetical population.
13. Describe the conditions under which logistic growth occurs.
14. What is carrying capacity?
15. How do parasites serve as a density-dependent limiting factor?
16. Explain how density-independent limiting factors can affect populations.
17. Describe how a predator-prey relationship can be a mechanism of population control.
18. Define biodiversity.
Know That Scientist
1. Mendel 308
2. Francis Collins 349
3. Craig Venter 349
4. Charles Darwin 450
5. Lamarck 456
6. Chargaff 344
7. Stanley Miller 554
8. Harold Urey 554
9. Oparin Internet
10. Rosalind Franklin 346
11. James Watson 349
12. Francis Crick 349